In this article we will discuss about the digestive structure of toad. The digestive system consists of alimentary canal and its associated digestive glands. The alimentary canal is a long tube which starts from the mouth and ends in the cloaca. The alimentary canal is made up of four layers. The outermost layer is thin and called serous coat. Next [...]
In this article we will discuss about the excretory system of toad. During metabolism various nitrogenous waste products are formed in the body. The process concerning the extraction of nitrogenous waste products and their removal from the body is called excretion. Nitrogenous waste products such as urea, uric acid and excess of water with some salts are excreted as urine. [...]
In this article we will discuss about the external structures of pigeon. The size varies from 20-25 cm. The appearance varies in different varieties but all of them have a compact and more or less spindle-shaped body (Fig. 1.103). The body is distinctly divisible into three regions — head, neck and trunk. (i) Head: The head is small, round and [...]